PEO-PPO-PEO induced holey NiFe-LDH nanosheets on Ni foam for efficient overall water-splitting and urea electrolysis

Exploring the transition-metal-based bifunctional electrocatalysts with high performance for efficient water-splitting and urea electrolysis is significant but challenging. This work presents the in situ preparation of holey NiFe-LDH nanosheets on Ni foam (H-NiFe-LDH/NF) via a one-step hydrothermal method in the presence of PEO-PPO-PEO as the soft template. The holey NiFe-LDH nanosheets provide a high electrochemical surface area, more edge catalytic sites, and abundant oxygen vacancies. Consequently, H-NiFe-LDH/NF exhibits excellent catalytic activity to oxygen evolution, urea oxidation, and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER, UOR, and HER) with good stability in alkaline electrolytes. This electrode requires an overpotential of 261 mV for the OER, a potential of 1.480 V for the UOR to achieve a current density of 100 mA cm^-2 in alkaline solutions. By employing the self-supported electrode as both the anode and cathode, this electrolysis cell (H-NiFe-LDH/NF||H-NiFe-LDH/NF) gains current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm^-2 at low cell voltages of 1.575 and 1.933 V in the 1.0 M KOH solution. After adding 0.33 M urea, the voltages to deliver 10 and 100 mA cm^-2 respectively decrease to 1.418 and 1.691 V. The H-NiFe-LDH/NF electrode also shows excellent stability for water-splitting and urea electrolysis. This work not only contributes to developing a low-cost, high-efficiency, bifunctional electrocatalyst but also provides a practically feasible approach for urea-rich wastewater electrolysis.