Objective: To analyze the clinical features of IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) in children aged 0-5 years. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected the data on children diagnosed with CMPA in the Department of Allergy at the Children's Hospital of the Capital Institute of Pediatrics from October 2019 to November 2020 and improved peripheral blood routine,total IgE defection, milk specific IgE (sIgE) defection,SPT and milk component defection,diagnosis of severe anaphylaxis based on clinical manifestations. Rank-sum test and chi-square test are used for statistical analysis of clinical characteristics between groups. Results: A total of 106 children (67 boys and 39 girls) were enrolled with the age of 15 (8, 34) months, including 42 cases (≤ 1 year of age), 39 cases (>1-<3 years of age) and 25 cases(≥3 years of age), the onset age of 6 (5, 8) months. Among them, 95 cases (89.6%) were reacted after consuming milk or its products, 42 cases (39.6%) had reaction due to skin contact and 11 cases (10.4%) reacted after exclusive breastfeeding. The onset time of milk product consumption was 45 (1, 120) min, skin contact pathway was 10 (5, 30) min and symptoms in breastfeeding pathway was 121 (61, 180) min. There was statistical difference among the time of symptoms (χ2=77.01, P<0.001).The cutaneous reaction was most common (100 cases, 94.3%), followed by digestive (20 cases, 18.9%) and respiratory (16 cases, 15.1%), and the nervous symptoms (1 case, 0.9%) were uncommon and 24 cases (22.6%) had at least one episode of anaphylaxis. There were 87 cases (82.1%) also diagnosed with other food allergies, 94 cases (88.7%) with previous eczema, 57 cases (53.8%) with history of rhinitis, and 23 cases (21.7%) with history of wheezing. The total IgE level was 191.01 (64.71, 506.80) kU/L, and the cow's milk sIgE level was 3.03 (1.11, 15.24) kU/L. The maximum diameter of the wheal in SPT was 8.2 (4.0, 12.0) mm. Component resolved diagnosis showed that 77 cases (81.9%) were sensitized to at least one out of 4 main components, including casein, α lactalbumin, β lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin.The possibility of anaphylaxis in children with milk sIgE grade Ⅳ-Ⅵ was higher than that in children with grade 0-Ⅲ (57.7% (15/26) vs. 12.5% (10/80), OR=9.545, 95%CI 3.435-26.523). Children with milk SPT ≥+++ had a higher probability of anaphylaxis than those with milk SPT ≤++ (34.4% (11/32) vs. 11.5% (3/26), OR=4.016, 95%CI 0.983-16.400). Anaphylaxis were more common in α lactalbumin positive children than in negative children (34.3% (13/38) vs. 14.2% (8/56), χ2=1.23，P=0.042). Conclusions: CMPA in children has early onset and diversified clinical manifestations, which are mainly cutaneous symptoms. Most children are sensitized to at least one allergen component. Serum sIgE level, SPT reaction and allergen components play important roles in the diagnosis and evaluation of CMPA, and higher milk sIgE level may predict a higher risk of anaphylaxis.
目的： 分析0~5岁儿童IgE介导牛奶蛋白过敏（CMPA）的临床特征。 方法： 采用横断面研究，收集2019年10月至2020年11月在首都儿科研究所变态反应科确诊为IgE介导0~5岁CMPA的106例患儿资料。完善患儿外周血常规、血清总IgE、牛奶特异性IgE、新鲜牛奶过敏原皮肤点刺试验（SPT）及牛奶蛋白组分检测等检查，根据临床表现诊断严重过敏反应，采用秩和检验、χ²检验进行临床特征差异的统计学分析。 结果： 106例CMPA患儿中男67例、女39例。首次就诊年龄为15（8，34）月龄，≤1岁42例、>1~<3岁39例，≥3岁25例，发病年龄为6（5，8）月龄。患儿中进食牛奶或其制品后出现过敏95例（89.6%），皮肤接触时出现过敏42例（39.6%），在哺后出现过敏11例（10.4%）；进食牛奶或奶制品时间为45（1，120）min、皮肤接触途径时间为10（5，30）min、母乳喂养途径出现症状时间为121（61，180）min，3种不同途径暴露后过敏症状出现的时间比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=77.01，P<0.001）。临床表现以皮肤症状（100例，94.3%）最常见，其余依次为消化道症状（20例，18.9%），呼吸道症状（16例，15.1%），很少表现神经症状（1例，0.9%）。24例（22.6%）患儿既往至少发生过1次牛奶诱发的严重过敏反应。伴其他食物过敏87例（82.1%），曾患湿疹94例（88.7%）、鼻炎57例（53.8%）、喘息23例（21.7%）。患儿总IgE水平为191.01（64.71，506.80）kU/L，牛奶特异性IgE水平为3.03（1.11，15.24）kU/L，SPT风团最长直径为8.2（4.0，12.0）mm，过敏原组分检测结果示77例（81.9%）至少存在酪蛋白、α乳清蛋白、β乳球蛋白、牛血清白蛋白组分中1项致敏。牛奶特异性IgE Ⅳ~Ⅵ级的患儿发生严重过敏反应的可能性高于0~Ⅲ级的患儿［57.7%（15/26）比12.5%（10/80），OR=9.545，95%CI 3.435~26.523］；牛奶SPT≥+++的患儿发生严重过敏反应的可能性高于≤++的患儿［34.4%（11/32）比11.5%（3/26），OR=4.016，95%CI 0.983~16.400］；α乳清蛋白阳性的CMPA患儿出现严重过敏反应的可能性高于阴性［34.2%（13/38）比14.3%（8/56），χ²=1.23，P=0.042］。 结论： 儿童CMPA发病年龄小，以皮肤症状为主要表现。多数患儿有1种以上蛋白组分致敏；SPT、牛奶及其组分特异性IgE检测对CMPA的诊断及病情评估具有重要价值，高度致敏者易发生严重过敏反应。.