1 School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita15, Nishi7, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608638, Japan.
2 Medical Governance Research Institute, 2-12-13, Takanawa, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1080074, Japan.
3 School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, William Robertson Wing, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
4 Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 1738605, Japan.
5 Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, 57, Kaminodai, Jyoban-Kamiyunaga-Yamachi, Iwaki, Fukushima 9728322, Japan.
6 Department of Internal Medicine, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, 57, Kaminodai, Jyoban-Kamiyunaga-Yamachi, Iwaki, Fukushima 9728322, Japan.