Aligned Collagen-CNT Nanofibrils and the Modulation Effect on Ovarian Cancer Cells

Fibrillar collagen is a one-dimensional biopolymer and is the most abundant structural protein in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissues. Due to the unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), considerable attention has been given to the application of CNTs in developing biocomposite materials for tissue engineering and drug delivery. When introduced to tissues, CNTs inevitably interact and integrate with collagen and impose a discernible effect on cells in the vicinity. The positive effect of the collagen-CNT (COL-CNT) matrix in tissue regeneration and the cytotoxicity of free CNTs have been investigated extensively. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of COL-CNT on mediating the interaction between the matrix and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. We generated unidirectionally aligned collagen and COL-CNT nanofibrils, mimicking the structure and dimension of collagen fibrils in native tissues. AFM analysis revealed that the one-dimensional structure, high stiffness, and low adhesion of COL-CNT greatly facilitated the polarization of SKOV3 cells by regulating the β-1 integrin-mediated cell-matrix interaction, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and cell migration. Protein and gene level analyses implied that both collagen and COL-CNT matrices induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the COL-CNT matrix prompted a higher level of cell transformation. However, the induced cells expressed CD44 at a reduced level and MMP2 at an increased level, and they were responsive to the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. The results suggested that the COL-CNT matrix induced the transdifferentiation of the epithelial cancer cells to mature, less aggressive, and less potent cells, which are inapt for tumor metastasis and chemoresistance. Thus, the presence of CNT in a collagen matrix is unlikely to cause an adverse effect on cancer patients if a controlled dose of CNT is used for drug delivery or tissue regeneration.