A 1000-year-old case of Klinefelter's syndrome diagnosed by integrating morphology, osteology, and genetics

Affiliations

• ¹ Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
• ² Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Medieval Studies, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
• ³ Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
• ⁴ Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
• ⁵ Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour, University of Algarve, Faculdade das Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
• ⁶ Genomics Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
• ⁷ Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
• ⁸ Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
• ⁹ Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
• ¹⁰ Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Indigenous Genomics Research Group, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
• ¹¹ Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Evolution of Cultural Diversity Initiative, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Electronic address: [email protected].