Proposing Specific Neuronal Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Genes as an Ancillary Tool for Differential Diagnosis among Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

Tabatha Gutierrez Prieto; Camila Machado Baldavira; Juliana Machado-Rugolo; Eloisa Helena Ribeiro Olivieri; Eduardo Caetano Abilio da Silva; Alexandre Muxfeldt Ab' Saber; Teresa Yae Takagaki; Vera Luiza Capelozzi

doi:10.3390/genes13122309

Proposing Specific Neuronal Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Genes as an Ancillary Tool for Differential Diagnosis among Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

Genes (Basel). 2022 Dec 7;13(12):2309. doi: 10.3390/genes13122309.

Authors

Tabatha Gutierrez Prieto¹, Camila Machado Baldavira¹, Juliana Machado-Rugolo^{1

2}, Eloisa Helena Ribeiro Olivieri³, Eduardo Caetano Abilio da Silva⁴, Alexandre Muxfeldt Ab' Saber^{1

5}, Teresa Yae Takagaki⁶, Vera Luiza Capelozzi¹

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil.
² Health Technology Assessment Center (NATS), Clinical Hospital (HCFMB), Medical School of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil.
³ International Center of Research/CIPE, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, SP, Brazil.
⁴ Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil.
⁵ Fundação Oncocentro do Estado de São Paulo (FOSP), São Paulo 05409-012, SP, Brazil.
⁶ Division of Pneumology, Instituto do Coração (Incor), Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil.

Abstract

Pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs) are currently classified into four major histotypes, including typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). This classification was designed to be applied to surgical specimens mostly anchored in morphological parameters, resulting in considerable overlapping among PNENs, which may result in important challenges for clinicians' decisions in the case of small biopsies. Since PNENs originate from the neuroectodermic cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene expression shows promise as biomarkers involved in the genotypic transformation of neuroectodermic cells, including mutation burden with the involvement of chromatin remodeling genes, apoptosis, and mitosis rate, leading to modification in final cellular phenotype. In this situation, additional markers also applicable to biopsy specimens, which correlate PNENs subtypes with systemic treatment response, are much needed, and current potential candidates are neurogenic EMT genes. This study investigated EMT genes expression and its association with PNENs histotypes in tumor tissues from 24 patients with PNENs. PCR Array System for 84 EMT-related genes selected 15 differentially expressed genes among the PNENs, allowing to discriminate TC from AC, LCNEC from AC, and SCLC from AC. Functional enrichment analysis of the EMT genes differentially expressed among PNENs subtypes showed that they are involved in cellular proliferation, extracellular matrix degradation, regulation of cell apoptosis, oncogenesis, and tumor cell invasion. Interestingly, four EMT genes (MAP1B, SNAI2, MMP2, WNT5A) are also involved in neurological diseases, in brain metastasis, and interact with platinum-based chemotherapy and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. Collectively, these findings emerge as an important ancillary tool to improve the strategies of histologic diagnosis in PNENs and unveil the four EMT genes that can play an important role in driving chemical response in PNENs.

Keywords: diagnosis; epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; metastasis; morphology; pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Carcinoid Tumor* / diagnosis
Carcinoid Tumor* / genetics
Carcinoid Tumor* / pathology
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine* / genetics
Diagnosis, Differential
Humans
Lung Neoplasms* / diagnosis
Lung Neoplasms* / genetics
Lung Neoplasms* / pathology
Neuroendocrine Tumors* / diagnosis
Neuroendocrine Tumors* / genetics
Neuroendocrine Tumors* / pathology

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP; 2018/20403-6, 2019/12151-0), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; 303735/2021-0), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES; Finance Code 001).