A 3D-Printed Proton Pseudocapacitor with Ultrahigh Mass Loading and Areal Energy Density for Fast Energy Storage at Low Temperature

The sluggish ionic transport in thick electrodes and freezing electrolytes has limited electrochemical energy storage devices in lots of harsh environments for practical applications. Here, a 3D-printed proton pseudocapacitor based on high-mass-loading 3D-printed WO₃ anodes, Prussian blue analog cathodes, and anti-freezing electrolytes is developed, which can achieve state-of-the-art electrochemical performance at low temperatures. Benefiting from the cross-scale 3D electrode structure using a 3D printing direct ink writing technique, the 3D-printed cathode realizes an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 7.39 F cm^-2 at a high areal mass loading of 23.51 mg cm^-2 . Moreover, the 3D-printed pseudocapacitor delivers an areal capacitance of 3.44 F cm^-2 and excellent areal energy density (1.08 mWh cm^-2 ). Owing to the fast ion kinetics in 3D electrodes and the high ionic conductivity of the hybrid electrolyte, the 3D-printed supercapacitor delivers 61.3% of the room-temperature capacitance even at -60 °C. This work provides an effective strategy for the practical applications of energy storage devices with complex physical structure at extreme temperatures.