Electronic Dose Monitoring Device Patterns in Youth Living With HIV Enrolled in an Adherence Intervention Clinical Trial

Introduction: Youth living with HIV in the US have low rates of viral suppression, in part because of challenges with antiretroviral therapy adherence.

Methods: Daily dosing in the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions 152 study, a randomized controlled trial of a 12-week adherence intervention (triggered escalating real-time adherence intervention) for viremic youth, compared with standard of care (SOC), was measured by electronic dose monitoring (EDM) throughout 48 weeks of follow-up. EDM data collected over the first 24 weeks were used to characterize patterns of antiretroviral therapy adherence with group-based trajectory models.

Results: Four trajectory groups were identified among the 85 participants included in the analysis during the intervention phase of the study: (Worst) no interaction with EDM, (Declining) initially moderate EDM-based adherence followed by steep declines, (Good) initially high EDM-based adherence with modest declines, and (Best) consistently high EDM-based adherence. Being in the SOC arm, not being in school, higher evasiveness and panic decision-making scores, and lower adherence motivation were associated with higher odds of being in a worse trajectory group ( P < 0.05). A general decline in dosing was observed in the 12 weeks postintervention, when all participants were managed using SOC.

Conclusions: Use of group-based trajectory models allowed a more nuanced understanding of EDM-based adherence over time compared with collapsed summary measures. In addition to the study intervention, other factors influencing EDM-based adherence included being in school, decision-making styles, and adherence-related motivation. This information can be used to design better intervention services for youth living with HIV.