Multiphase flow behavior of diesel in bog, fen, and swamp peats

Hydrocarbon fate and transport in various categories of peatlands is complicated by the botanical origin, and thus variations in the hydraulic structures and surface chemistry of its peat soils. There has been no systematic evaluation of the role of different peat types on hydrocarbon migration. Thus, two-phase, and three-phase flow experiments were performed for living and partially decomposed peat cores from bog, fen, and swamp peatlands. Numerical simulations of water drainage were performed using HYDRUS-1D, diesel-water and diesel-water-air flow using MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST). Five water table (WT) fluctuations were imposed to explore its potential to reduce residual diesel saturation in peat columns. Our results demonstrate a good match of the relative water permeability (k_rw) - saturation (S) relations estimated using the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity-S relation derived from HYDRUS-1D modeling of two-phase flow, and k_rw - S from MRST for three-phase flow, for all tested peat columns. Thus, we recommended using two-phase system based k_rw - S predictions if multiphase data are unavailable for peatland sites' spill management plans. We found the discharge of water and diesel both increase with increasing hydraulic conductivity, while residual water and diesel were within the range of 0.42-0.52 and of 0.04-0.11, respectively. High diesel discharge rates suggest that quick spill-response is required to manage its spread in peatlands. Up to 29% of residual diesel saturation was yielded by the five WT fluctuations, and thus we strongly recommend WT manipulation as a first step towards diesel decontamination progression in peatlands.