Objective: To investigate the relationship between different serum potassium levels at admission and discharge and all-cause mortality in patients with acute heart failure (HF). Methods: A total of 2 621 patients with acute HF who were hospitalized in the Heart Failure Center of Fuwai Hospital from October 2008 to October 2017 were analyzed. Patients were divided into three groups according to the different serum potassium levels at admission: hypokalemia with serum potassium<3.5 mmol/L (n=329), normokalemia with 3.5-5.5 mmol/L (n=2 270), and hyperkalemia with serum potassium>5.5 mmol/L (n=22). Clinical data such as patient history, comorbidities, clinical examination and drug use were collected, and systematic outpatient review or telephone follow-up was performed after patients were discharged from the hospital until January 2020. The primary outcome was all-cause death at 90 days, 2 years, and 5 years of follow-up. We compared the clinical characteristics of patients with different serum potassium levels at admission and discharge, and used a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model to analyze the association between serum potassium levels at admission and discharge and all-cause mortality. Results: The age of all patients was (58.0±15.3) years old, and 1 877 patients (71.6%) were male. There were 329 (12.6%) and 22 (0.8%) patients with hypokalemia and hyperkalemia at admission, and 38 (1.4%) and 18 (0.7%) at discharge, respectively. The serum potassium levels of all patients were (4.01±0.50) and (4.25±0.44) mmol/L at admission and discharge, respectively. The follow-up time[M(Q1,Q3)] of this study was 2.63(1.00,4.42)years, and a total of 1 076 all-cause deaths were recorded at the last follow-up. Compared with patients with normokalemia at discharge, discharged patients with hypokalemia and hyperkalemia were followed up for 90 days (90.3% vs 76.3% vs 38.9%), 2 years (73.8% vs 60.5% vs 33.3%) and 5 years (63.4% vs 44.7% vs 22.2%), respectively, and the difference of which in cumulative survival rates were statistically significant (all P values<0.001). The multivariate-adjusted Cox regression analysis showed that hypokalemia (HR=0.979, 95%CI: 0.812-1.179, P=0.820) and hyperkalemia (HR=1.368, 95%CI: 0.805-2.325, P=0.247) at admission were not associated with all-cause mortality risk, however, hypokalemia (HR=1.668, 95%CI: 1.081-2.574, P=0.021) and hyperkalemia (HR=3.787, 95%CI: 2.264-6.336, P<0.001) at discharge were associated with increased all-cause mortality risk. Conclusions: Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia at discharge in hospitalized patients with acute HF were associated with increased short-and long-term all-cause mortality, and serum potassium levels should be closely monitored.
目的： 分析急性心力衰竭（心衰）患者入院和出院时不同的血钾水平与全因死亡的关系。 方法： 回顾性纳入2008年10月至2017年10月在阜外医院心衰中心住院的2 621例急性心衰患者。依入院时不同血钾水平将患者分为低钾血症组（n=329，血钾<3.5 mmol/L）、正常血钾组（n=2 270，血钾3.5~5.5 mmol/L）和高钾血症组（n=22，血钾>5.5 mmol/L）。收集患者病史、合并症、临床检查和药物使用情况等临床资料，患者出院后进行系统的门诊复查或电话随访，直至2020年1月。研究终点定义为随访90 d、2年和5年的全因死亡。比较入院和出院时不同血钾水平组患者临床资料差异，采用多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分别分析入院和出院时血钾水平与患者全因死亡的关联。 结果： 所有患者的年龄为（58.0±15.3）岁，男性为1 877例（71.6%）。入院时低钾血症组和高钾血症组患者分别为329（12.6%）和22（0.8%）例，出院时分别为38（1.4%）和18（0.7%）例。入院和出院时所有患者的血钾水平分别为（4.01±0.50）和（4.25±0.44）mmol/L。本研究随访时间［M（Q1，Q3）］为2.63（1.00，4.42）年，最终随访时共记录了1 076例全因死亡事件。与出院正常血钾患者相比，出院低钾血症和高钾血症患者在随访90 d（90.3%比76.3%比38.9%）、2年（73.8%比60.5%比33.3%）和5年（63.4%比44.7%比22.2%）的累积生存率差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）。多因素Cox回归模型分析显示，入院低钾血症（HR=0.979，95%CI：0.812~1.179，P=0.820）和高钾血症（HR=1.368，95%CI：0.805~2.325，P=0.247）不是急性心衰患者全因死亡的相关因素；出院低钾血症（HR=1.668，95%CI：1.081~2.574，P=0.021）和高钾血症（HR=3.787，95%CI：2.264~6.336，P<0.001）是急性心衰患者全因死亡的相关因素。 结论： 急性心衰患者出院低钾血症和高钾血症与短期和长期全因死亡率增加相关，心衰患者应密切监测血钾水平。.