Shading affects the starch structure and digestibility of wheat by regulating the photosynthetic light response of flag leaves

Heavy haze-induced decreases in solar radiation represent an important factor that affects the structural properties of starch macromolecules. However, the relationship between the photosynthetic light response of flag leaves and the structural properties of starch remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of light deprivation (60 %) during the vegetative-growth or grain-filling stage on the leaf light response, starch structure, and biscuit-baking quality of four wheat cultivars with contrasting shade tolerance. Shading decreased the apparent quantum yield and maximum net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves, resulting in a lower grain-filling rate and starch content and higher protein content. Shading decreased the starch, amylose, and small starch granule amount and swelling power but increased the larger starch granule amount. Under shade stress, the lower amylose content decreased the resistant starch content while increasing the starch digestibility and estimated glycemic index. Shading during the vegetative-growth stage increased starch crystallinity, 1045/1022 cm^-1 ratio, starch viscosity, and the biscuit spread ratio, while shading during the grain-filling stage decreased these values. Overall, this study indicated that low light affects the starch structure and biscuit spread ratio by regulating the photosynthetic light response of flag leaves.