Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the intestinal epithelium initiates purine metabolite synthesis and promotes Th17 cell differentiation in the gut

Affiliations

• ¹ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
• ² Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
• ³ Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 10090, Austria.
• ⁴ Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
• ⁵ Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
• ⁶ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• ⁷ Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
• ⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
• ⁹ Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
• ¹⁰ Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
• ¹¹ Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
• ¹² Department of Medicine, Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
• ¹³ Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
• ¹⁴ Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
• ¹⁵ Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
• ¹⁶ Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
• ¹⁷ Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
• ¹⁸ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].