Molecular insights into placental iron transfer mechanisms and maternofetal regulation

Purpose: Adequate iron transportation from the mother across the placenta is crucial for fetal growth and establishing sufficient iron stores in neonates at birth. The past decade has marked significant discoveries in iron metabolism with the identification of new players and mechanisms. Immunohistochemical studies rendered valuable data on the localization of substantial iron transporters on placental syncytiotrophoblasts. However, the function and regulation of maternal-placentofetal iron transporters and iron handling is still elusive and requires more attention.

Methods: A thorough literature review was conducted to gather information about placental iron transfer, the role of regulators and maintenance of iron homeostasis.

Results: The role of classical and new players in maternal-fetal iron transport and the regulation in the placenta has been addressed in this review. Animal and human studies have been discussed. The role of placental iron regulation in thalassemia and hemochromatosis pregnancies has been reviewed.

Conclusions: The current advances that highlight the mechanisms of placental iron regulation and transport in response to maternal and fetal signals have been presented.