Background and aims: Atherosclerotic plaques are characterized as being vulnerable to rupture based on a series of histologically defined features, including a lipid-rich necrotic core, spotty calcification and ulceration. Existing imaging modalities have limitations in their ability to distinguish between different materials and structural features. We examined whether X-ray spectral photon-counting computer tomography (SPCCT) images were able to distinguish key plaque features in a surgically excised specimen from the carotid artery with comparison to histological images.
Methods: An excised carotid plaque was imaged in the diagnostic X-ray energy range of 30-120 keV using a small-bore SPCCT scanner equipped with a Medipix3RX photon-counting spectral X-ray detector with a cadmium telluride (CdTe) sensor. Material identification and quantification (MIQ) images of the carotid plaque were generated using proprietary MIQ software at 0.09 mm volumetric pixels (voxels). The plaque was sectioned, stained and photographed at high resolution for comparison.
Results: A lipid-rich core with spotty calcification was identified in the MIQ images and confirmed by histology. MIQ showed a core region containing lipid, with a mean concentration of 260 mg lipid/ml corresponding to a mean value of -22HU. MIQ showed calcified regions with mean concentration of 41 mg Ca/ml corresponded to a mean value of 123HU. An ulceration of the carotid wall at the bifurcation was identified to be lipid-lined, with a small calcification identified near the breach of the artery wall.
Conclusions: SPCCT derived material identification and quantification images showed hallmarks of vulnerable plaque including a lipid-rich necrotic core, spotty calcifications and ulcerations.
Keywords: Atherosclerotic plaque; Cardiovascular disease; Histology; Material decomposition; Medipix; Spectral photon-counting CT; Vascular calcification; X-ray computed tomography.
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