Moving beyond descriptive nosology: an argument for negative valence systems disorder

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heersink School of Medicine, 1719 6th Ave S, CIRC 593, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
• ² Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, College of Medicine & Life Sciences, 179 Block Health Science Building, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA. [email protected].