Diet Quality of Young Children in the US-Affiliated Pacific's Children's Healthy Living (CHL) Program

Background: Childhood diet can impact health outcomes over the life course. Few studies have assessed dietary quality among infants and children in the US-Affiliated Pacific (USAP) region.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the differences in diet quality among Pacific children in the Children's Healthy Living (CHL) program by Pacific jurisdiction and by their World Bank Income Group (WBIG) level.

Design: This cross-sectional study used dietary records collected from 2012 to 2015.

Participants/setting: Data were collected on 2- to 8-year-old children (n = 3,529) enrolled in the Children's Healthy Living Program for Remote Underserved Minority Populations in the Pacific region, conducted in the USAP jurisdictions of Alaska, Hawai'i, American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Guam, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM islands include Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Yap), Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and Republic of Palau.

Main outcome measure: Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005). This HEI version was commensurate with the time of dietary data collection for the CHL project and previous studies, thus allowing cross-study comparisons.

Statistical analysis performed: Means of total HEI-2005 scores between jurisdictions and their WBIG level were compared using linear models, with and without adjustment for age, sex, and dietary energy.

Results: Differences in mean HEI-2005 scores among children were found between jurisdictions and their WBIG level. Alaska had the highest adjusted mean score (63.3). RMI had the lowest adjusted mean score (50.1). By WBIG, lower-middle income jurisdictions had the lowest adjusted mean HEI-2005 score (56.0), whereas high income jurisdictions had the highest adjusted mean HEI-2005 score (60.5).

Conclusions: Variation in children's diet quality was found between USAP jurisdictions, notably between jurisdictions of different WBIG levels. Future research is needed to deepen understanding of these differences in diet quality by WBIG level, such as whether differences may be attributable to the jurisdictions' varying food systems, and possibly explained by the nutrition transition. Understanding childhood diet quality in this region can inform approaches for nutrition programs in the Pacific region.