Rethinking placebos: embracing synthetic control arms in clinical trials for rare tumors

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. [email protected].
• ² Sarcoma Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain. [email protected].
• ³ The Life Raft Group, Wayne, NJ, USA.
• ⁴ Oncology Data Science, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
• ⁵ The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
• ⁶ Portland VA Health Care System and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
• ⁷ Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
• ⁸ Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
• ⁹ Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.
• ¹⁰ Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
• ¹¹ Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
• ¹² Case Comprehensive Cancer Center in Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA.
• ¹³ Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
• ¹⁴ Division of Clinical Studies, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
• ¹⁵ Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
• ¹⁶ Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
• ¹⁷ Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.