Injury mechanism of COVID-19-induced cardiac complications

Heart dysfunction is one of the most life-threatening organ dysfunctions caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Myocardial or cardiovascular damage is the most common extrapulmonary organ complication in critically ill patients. Understanding the pathogenesis and pathological characteristics of myocardial and vascular injury is important for improving clinical diagnosis and treatment approach. Herein, the mechanism of direct damage caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to the heart and secondary damage caused by virus-driven inflammation was reviewed. The pathological mechanism of ischemia and hypoxia due to microthrombosis and inflammatory injury as well as the injury mechanism of tissue inflammation and single myocardial cell necrosis triggered by the viral infection of pericytes or macrophages, hypoxia, and energy metabolism disorders were described. The latter can provide a novel diagnosis, treatment, and investigation strategy for heart dysfunctions caused by COVID-19 or the Omicron variant.