We report here the long-term follow-up of the only prospective randomized trial of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) with peripheral blood stem cells (APBSCT) versus auto-HSCT with bone marrow (ABMT) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients in first remission (CR). We observed that among patients alive and still in CR 5 years after planned auto-HSCT, approximately 10% of the patients died in the following 10 years. This stresses the need for long-term close surveillance of AML patients after auto-HSCT. Further, long-term follow-up of the trial confirms that APBSCT was comparable to ABMT in term of disease-free-survival and overall survival.
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