Li₃PO₄-Enriched SEI on Graphite Anode Boosts Li⁺ De-Solvation Enabling Fast-Charging and Low-Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries

Li⁺ de-solvation at solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI)-electrolyte interface stands as a pivotal step that imposes limitations on the fast-charging capability and low-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Unraveling the contributions of key constituents in the SEI that facilitate Li⁺ de-solvation and deciphering their mechanisms, as a design principle for the interfacial structure of anode materials, is still a challenge. Herein, we conducted a systematic exploration of the influence exerted by various inorganic components (Li₂CO₃, LiF, Li₃PO₄) found in the SEI on their role in promoting the Li⁺ de-solvation. The findings highlight that Li₃PO₄-enriched SEI effectively reduces the de-solvation energy due to its ability to attenuate the Li⁺-solvent interaction, thereby expediting the de-solvation process. Building on this, we engineer Li₃PO₄ interphase on graphite (LPO-Gr) anode via a simple solid-phase coating, facilitating the Li⁺ de-solvation and building an inorganic-rich SEI, resulting in accelerated Li⁺ transport crossing the electrode interfaces and interphases. Full cells using the LPO-Gr anode can replenish its 80 % capacity in 6.5 minutes, while still retaining 70 % of the room temperature capacity even at -20 °C. Our strategy establishes connection between the de-solvation characteristics of the SEI components and the interfacial structure design of anode materials for high performance LIBs.