Identification of Risk Factors for Gliptin-associated Bullous Pemphigoid among Diabetic Patients

Acta Derm Venereol. 2024 Apr 4:104:adv26663. doi: 10.2340/actadv.v104.26663.

Abstract

Drug-associated bullous pemphigoid has been shown to follow long-term gliptin (dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors) intake. This study aimed at identifying risk factors for gliptin-associated bullous pemphigoid among patients with type 2 diabetes. A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary centre among diabetic patients exposed to gliptins between the years 2008-2021. Data including demographics, comorbidities, medications, and laboratory results were collected using the MDClone platform. Seventy-six patients with type 2 diabetes treated with dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors who subsequently developed bullous pemphigoid were compared with a cohort of 8,060 diabetic patients exposed to dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors who did not develop bullous pemphigoid. Based on a multivariable analysis adjusted for age and other covariates, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were significantly more prevalent in patients with bullous pemphigoid (p = 0.0013). Concomitant use of either thiazide or loop diuretics and gliptin therapy was associated with drug-associated bullous pemphigoid (p < 0.0001 for both). While compared with sitagliptin, exposure to linagliptin and vildagliptin were associated with bullous pemphigoid with an odds ratio of 5.68 and 6.61 (p < 0.0001 for both), respectively. These results suggest gliptins should be prescribed with caution to patients with type 2 diabetes with coexisting Alzheimer's and other dementias, or patients receiving long-term use of thiazides and loop diuretics. The use of sitagliptin over linagliptin and vildagliptin should be preferred in these patients.

MeSH terms

  • Dementia* / chemically induced
  • Dementia* / drug therapy
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / drug therapy
  • Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors* / adverse effects
  • Humans
  • Linagliptin / adverse effects
  • Pemphigoid, Bullous* / chemically induced
  • Pemphigoid, Bullous* / diagnosis
  • Pemphigoid, Bullous* / epidemiology
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Risk Factors
  • Sitagliptin Phosphate / adverse effects
  • Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / therapeutic use
  • Vildagliptin / adverse effects

Substances

  • Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors
  • Vildagliptin
  • Linagliptin
  • Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
  • Sitagliptin Phosphate