Design and optimization of a cost-effective paper-based voltammetric sensor for the determination of trinitrotoluene (TNT) utilizing cysteamine-linked Fe₃O₄ @Au nanocomposite

This paper presents the development and optimization of a cost-effective paper electrochemical sensor for the detection of TNT using Fe₃O₄-Au core-shell nanoparticles modified with cysteamine (Fe₃O₄@Au/CA). The sensor was constructed by modifying a graphite paste with the aforementioned nanoparticles, which facilitated the formation of a Meisenheimer complex between cysteamine and TNT as an electron donor and an electron acceptor, respectively. The central composite design was employed to optimize four key parameters pH, modifier percentage, contact time, and buffer type to enhance the performance of the sensor. The detection limit was found to be 0.5 nM of TNT, while the linear range of the electrode response spanned from 0.002 μM to 10 μM. The simplicity and low cost of the sensor make it highly attractive for practical applications, particularly in scenarios where rapid and on-site TNT detection is required.