Metabolite components and nutritional composition of the endosperm in seven species from Gleditsia

As an important agricultural product, the endosperm portion of Gleditsia sinensis seeds, called "zào jiǎo mǐ" (ZJM) in Chinese, has gradually gained popularity and has been accepted by the public. However, there is limited information on the nutritional value and metabolic components of endosperm among Gleditsia. This study compared the endosperm composition among seven species. The types of metabolites, content of nutrients and amino acids were determined. A total of 4495 types of metabolites were detected. Galactose metabolism (gmx00052) was enriched in all combinations compared with G. sinensis. The polysaccharides content ranged from 51.49 to 80.37 g/100 g. Based on considerations of growth rate, seed yield, amino acid content, and interspecific differences, G. fera could be an alternative planting option to G. sinensis. These results can provide a reference for growers in selecting Gleditsia varieties and provide insights into the industrial applications of Gleditsia endosperm products.