The positive impact of smoking on poor sleep quality is moderated by IGF1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid: a case-control study among Chinese adults

Ligang Shan; Yuyu Wu; Jiaying Lao; Mingwei Ma; Xingguang Luo; Ke Zheng; Weiming Hu; Yimin Kang; Fan Wang; Yanlong Liu; Yali Xu; Xiaoya Jin

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1392732

The positive impact of smoking on poor sleep quality is moderated by IGF1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid: a case-control study among Chinese adults

Front Psychiatry. 2024 May 10:15:1392732. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1392732. eCollection 2024.

Authors

Ligang Shan^#¹, Yuyu Wu^#², Jiaying Lao^#², Mingwei Ma², Xingguang Luo³, Ke Zheng⁴, Weiming Hu⁵, Yimin Kang⁶, Fan Wang⁷, Yanlong Liu², Yali Xu⁸, Xiaoya Jin^{8

9}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China.
² School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
³ Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
⁴ Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
⁵ Department of Psychiatry, The Third Hospital of Quzhou, Quzhou, China.
⁶ Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.
⁷ Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
⁸ Infection Control Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
⁹ Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.

^# Contributed equally.

Abstract

Objective: Previous research indicates associations between cigarette smoking, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), and sleep disturbances. This study aimed to examine the association between smoking and sleep quality and investigate the moderating role of IGF1.

Methods: This case-control study involved 146 Chinese adult males (53 active smokers and 93 non-smokers) from September 2014 to January 2016. Sleep quality and disturbances were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which includes seven scales. Pearson correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis were utilized to examine the link between IGF1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and PSQI scores. The effect of IGF1 was assessed using the moderation effect and simple slope analysis, with adjustments made for potential confounders.

Results: Active smokers exhibited significantly higher global PSQI scores and lower IGF1 levels in CSF compared to non-smokers. A significant negative correlation was observed between IGF1 and PSQI scores (â = -0.28, P < 0.001), with a stronger association in non-smokers (Pearson r = -0.30) compared to smokers (Pearson r = -0.01). Smoking was associated with higher global PSQI scores (â = 0.282, P < 0.001), and this association was moderated by IGF1 levels in CSF (â = 0.145, P < 0.05), with a stronger effect at high IGF1 levels (Bsimple = 0.402, p < 0.001) compared to low IGF1 levels (Bsimple = 0.112, p = 0.268). Four subgroup analysis revealed similar results for sleep disturbances (Bsimple = 0.628, P < 0.001), with a marginal moderation effect observed on subjective sleep quality (Bsimple = 0.150, P = 0.070). However, independent associations rather than moderating effects were observed between IGF1 and sleep efficiency and daytime disturbance.

Conclusion: We provided evidence to demonstrate the moderation effect of IGF1 on the relationship between smoking and sleep in CSF among Chinese adult males.

Keywords: smoking; IGF1; PSQI score; moderation; sleep disturbances.

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Basic Public Welfare Research Project of Zhejiang Province (TGD23H030004), Wenzhou Basic Scientific Research Project (Y20220021), Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province (2022KY887).