The Long-COVID Well-Being Scale (LCOVID-WBS): Development of a nascent measure of long-COVID symptoms and impacts

J Affect Disord. 2024 Sep 15:361:67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.134. Epub 2024 May 27.

Abstract

As is now well-known, COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease, which for some can cause symptoms that last long after initial infection. In 2021, a clinical set of symptoms referred to as long-COVID was identified. For many patients, long-COVID is a confusing and frightening multisystem disease, with the potential for myriad negative psychosocial effects, including significant impacts on employment and mental health, and requiring ongoing care. Research and treatment of long-COVID will be facilitated by a sound measure that addresses aspects of well-being, symptom experiences, and psychosocial impacts among long-COVID patients. The present work addresses this need by presenting the results of the development and preliminary psychometrics for the Long-COVID Well-Being Scale (LCOVID-WBS). In an exploratory factor analysis with a panel of 236 participants, researchers identified four factors: Emotional Strain, Physical Ability Strain, Control of Life, and Overall Evaluation of Health. The nascent measure represents the first step to measuring the impacts of long-COVID.

Keywords: COVID-19; Disability; Health assessment; Mental health; Well-being; Work impairment.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Aged
  • COVID-19* / psychology
  • Factor Analysis, Statistical
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mental Health
  • Middle Aged
  • Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome*
  • Psychometrics*
  • Quality of Life / psychology
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • Surveys and Questionnaires