Evaluating and Enhancing Large Language Models' Performance in Domain-Specific Medicine: Development and Usability Study With DocOA

Background: The efficacy of large language models (LLMs) in domain-specific medicine, particularly for managing complex diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), remains largely unexplored.

Objective: This study focused on evaluating and enhancing the clinical capabilities and explainability of LLMs in specific domains, using OA management as a case study.

Methods: A domain-specific benchmark framework was developed to evaluate LLMs across a spectrum from domain-specific knowledge to clinical applications in real-world clinical scenarios. DocOA, a specialized LLM designed for OA management integrating retrieval-augmented generation and instructional prompts, was developed. It can identify the clinical evidence upon which its answers are based through retrieval-augmented generation, thereby demonstrating the explainability of those answers. The study compared the performance of GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and a specialized assistant, DocOA, using objective and human evaluations.

Results: Results showed that general LLMs such as GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 were less effective in the specialized domain of OA management, particularly in providing personalized treatment recommendations. However, DocOA showed significant improvements.

Conclusions: This study introduces a novel benchmark framework that assesses the domain-specific abilities of LLMs in multiple aspects, highlights the limitations of generalized LLMs in clinical contexts, and demonstrates the potential of tailored approaches for developing domain-specific medical LLMs.