Advancing optoelectronic characteristics of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based molecules as donors for organic and as hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells

A stable and efficient hole-transport material (HTM) is crucial for high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-MeOTAD) being used widely to prepare highly efficient PSCs. However, Spiro-MeOTAD has some limitations due to its complex synthesis, which increases its cost, and it also requires dopants to improve its performance. Therefore, we designed thirteen unique small-molecule-based HTMs (MK1-MK13), which are easy to synthesize, highly cost-effective, and don't require dopants to prepare efficient PSCs. Their electrical and optical properties are then investigated theoretically using advanced quantum chemical approaches. The designed molecules showed lower energy gaps and improved optical and optoelectronic characteristics because of the improved phase inversion geometry. The detailed photo-physical and optoelectronic characteristics have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD-DFT) calculations. Moreover, we investigated the impact of holes and electrons and the density of states, open-circuit voltage, frontier molecular orbital, transition density matrix, and other structural and photovoltaic characteristics of these materials. Among these, the MK3 molecule possesses the much narrower optical band gap of 1.04 eV and absorbance (λ _max) of 684 nm, respectively. In addition, a profound investigation of the MK3/PC₆₁BM blend shows excellent charge transfer at the acceptor-donor interface. Therefore, our proposed technique is necessary for generating appropriate photovoltaic materials for efficient optoelectronic devices and is helpful in further advancing the field.