Childhood maltreatment, genetic risk, and subsequent risk of arrhythmias: a prospective cohort study

Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2024;15(1):2366055. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2366055. Epub 2024 Jun 24.

Abstract

Background: Emerging evidence has linked childhood maltreatment with cardiovascular disease risk; however, the association between childhood maltreatment and cardiac arrhythmias remains unclear. Moreover, any genetic predispositions to atrial fibrillation (AF), a common cardiac arrhythmia associated with an elevated risk of stroke, heart failure, and mortality, that modify such associations have been undocumented.Purpose: To examine the associations between childhood maltreatment and incident arrhythmias, and whether a genetic predisposition to arrhythmias modifies these associations.Methods: This prospective analysis included 151,741 participants from the UK Biobank (mean age 55.8 years, 43.4% male). Childhood maltreatment, including five types, was measured using the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS). Incident arrhythmias (AF, ventricular arrhythmias [VA], and bradyarrhythmia [BA]) were documented through linked hospital admission and death registry. Weighted AF genetic risk score was calculated. Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to test for associations between childhood maltreatment and incident arrhythmias.Results: During a median follow-up of 12.21 years (interquartile range, 11.49-12.90 years), 6,588 AF, 2,093 BA, and 742 VA events occurred. Compared with the absence of childhood maltreatment, having 3-5 types of childhood maltreatment was associated with an increased risk of incident AF (HR, 1.23; 95%CI 1.09-1.37), VA (HR, 1.39; 95%CI 1.03-1.89), and BA (HR, 1.32; 95%CI 1.09-1.61) after adjusting demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. The associations between cumulative type of childhood maltreatment and the risk of AF (Poverall < .001; Pnonlinear = .674) and BA (Poverall = .007; Pnonlinear = .377) demonstrated a linear pattern. There was a gradient association between childhood maltreatment and AF risks across the intermediate and high genetic risk groups (both Ptrend < .05) but not within the low genetic risk group (Ptrend = .378), irrespective of non-significant interaction effect (Pinteraction = .204).Conclusion: Childhood maltreatment was associated with higher risks of incident arrhythmias, especially AF and BA. Genetic risk of AF did not modify these associations.

Antecedentes: La evidencia emergente ha relacionado el maltrato infantil con el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular; sin embargo, la asociación entre el maltrato infantil y las arritmias cardíacas sigue sin estar clara. Además, no se ha documentado ninguna predisposición genética a la fibrilación auricular (AF – por sus siglas en inglés), una arritmia cardíaca común asociada con un riesgo elevado de accidente cerebrovascular, insuficiencia cardíaca y mortalidad, que modifique tales asociaciones.

Propósito: Examinar las asociaciones entre el maltrato infantil y las arritmias incidentes y si una predisposición genética a las arritmias modifica estas asociaciones.

Métodos: Este análisis prospectivo incluyó a 151.741 participantes del Biobanco del Reino Unido (edad media 55,8 años, 43,4% hombres). El maltrato infantil, incluidos cinco tipos, se midió mediante el Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS, por sus siglas en inglés). Las arritmias incidentes (AF, arritmias ventriculares [VA, por sus siglas en inglés] y bradiarritmia [BA, por sus siglas en inglés]) se documentaron a través de registros vinculados de admisiones hospitalarias y defunciones. Se calculó la puntuación de riesgo genético de AF ponderada. Se realizaron modelos de riesgo proporcionales de Cox para probar las asociaciones entre el maltrato infantil y las arritmias incidentes.

Resultados: Durante una mediana de seguimiento de 12,21 años (rango intercuartil, 11,49–12,90 años), ocurrieron 6.588 eventos de AF, 2.093 BA y 742 VA. En comparación con la ausencia de maltrato infantil, tener de 3 a 5 tipos de maltrato infantil se asoció con un mayor riesgo de incidencia de AF (HR, 1,23; IC 95% 1,09–1,37), VA (HR, 1,39; IC 95% 1,03–1,89) y BA (HR, 1,32; IC95% 1,09–1,61) después de ajustar factores demográficos, socioeconómicos y de estilo de vida. Las asociaciones entre el tipo acumulativo de maltrato infantil y el riesgo de AF (P general <0,001; P no lineal = 0,674) y BA (P general = 0,007; P no lineal = 0,377) demostraron un patrón lineal. Hubo una asociación gradual entre el maltrato infantil y los riesgos de FA en los grupos de riesgo genético intermedio y alto (tendencia de P < 0,05) pero no dentro del grupo de riesgo genético bajo (tendencia de P = 0,378), independientemente del efecto de interacción no significativo (P interacción = 0,204).

Conclusión: El maltrato infantil se asoció con mayores riesgos de incidencia de arritmias, especialmente AF y BA. El riesgo genético de AF no modificó estas asociaciones.

Keywords: Biobanco del Reino Unido; Childhood maltreatment; Maltrato infantil; UK Biobank; arrhythmias; arritmias; atrial fibrillation; fibrilación auricular; genetic predisposition to disease; predisposición genética a la enfermedad.

Plain language summary

Previous studies indicate that childhood maltreatment is associated with cardiovascular disease risk.Childhood maltreatment was associated with an increased risk of incident arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation and bradyarrhythmia. Genetic predisposition to atrial fibrillation did not significantly modify these associations.Childhood maltreatment could be a new psychological risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias in later life. Inquiries into childhood maltreatment and subsequent referral to psychological services may be helpful.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / statistics & numerical data
  • Arrhythmias, Cardiac* / epidemiology
  • Arrhythmias, Cardiac* / genetics
  • Child Abuse / statistics & numerical data
  • Cohort Studies
  • Female
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Prospective Studies
  • Risk Factors
  • United Kingdom / epidemiology

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 32100880) and Guangzhou Research-oriented Hospital. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.