Magnesium for disease treatment and prevention: emerging mechanisms and opportunities

Magnesium (Mg²⁺) is a commonly used dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of diseases. However, the efficacy and mechanisms of action of Mg²⁺ in most diseases have been controversial because of conflicting findings in earlier studies. Recent clinical and preclinical studies provide novel insights into the use of Mg²⁺ for the treatment and prevention of diseases affecting different organ systems. In this review, we provide an overview of recent clinical evidence for, and controversies over, the medical benefits of Mg²⁺. In addition, we critically discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of action of Mg²⁺, which could enable the development of novel targeted therapies.