A Clinician's Guide to Understanding Bias in Critical Clinical Prediction Models

Affiliations

• ¹ University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal; Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
• ² Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Critical Care, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK.
• ³ Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
• ⁴ Duke Health, AI Health, Durham, NC, USA.
• ⁵ Institute for Data Systems and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
• ⁶ Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
• ⁷ Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
• ⁸ Department of Pharmacy, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.
• ⁹ Durham VA Health Care System, Health Services Research and Development, Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham, NC, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
• ¹⁰ Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Division of Translational Biomedical Informatics, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].