Size-segregated content of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particles emitted by indoor sources

E Caracci; A Iannone; F Carriera; I Notardonato; S Pili; A Murru; P Avino; M Campagna; G Buonanno; Luca Stabile

doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70978-3

Size-segregated content of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particles emitted by indoor sources

Sci Rep. 2024 Sep 5;14(1):20739. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-70978-3.

Authors

E Caracci¹, A Iannone^{1

2}, F Carriera^{1

2}, I Notardonato², S Pili³, A Murru³, P Avino², M Campagna³, G Buonanno^{1

4}, Luca Stabile⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy.
² Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
³ Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
⁴ International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁵ Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy. [email protected].

Abstract

Indoor air quality is negatively affected by the emission of different combustion sources releasing airborne particles and related particle-bound toxic compounds (e.g., heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). To date, very few studies focused on the chemical characterization of the airborne particles emitted by indoor sources were carried out; moreover, no data on their size-resolved chemical compositions are available. In the present study, an experimental analysis aimed at determining the size-segregated content of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particles (including sub-micrometric ones) emitted by widely-used indoor combustion sources (i.e., incenses, candles, mosquito-coils, and cooking activities) was carried out. To this purpose, airborne particles were collected through an electric low-pressure impactor and were post-analyzed by means of chromatography-mass spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry techniques. Results of the analyses showed that the chemical composition of the emitted particles is not invariant to the particle size, indeed, an important contribution of sub-micrometric particle range to the total mass of chemical compounds emitted by the sources was noticed. These findings also demonstrated that significant underestimations of particle-bound compounds depositing in the lungs could occur if size-dependent compositions are not adopted.