The vast array of acute nontraumatic diseases encountered in the head and neck of pediatric patients can be intimidating for radiologists in training in a fast-paced emergency setting. Although there is some overlap of pediatric and adult diseases, congenital lesions and developmental variants are much more common in the pediatric population. Furthermore, the relative incidences of numerous infections and neoplasms differ between pediatric and adult populations. Young patients and/or those with developmental delays may have clinical histories that are difficult to elicit or nonspecific presentations, underscoring the importance of imaging in facilitating accurate and timely diagnoses. It is essential that radiologists caring for children be well versed in pediatric nontraumatic head and neck emergency imaging. The authors provide an on-call resource for radiology trainees, organized by anatomic location and highlighting key points, pearls, pitfalls, and mimics of many acute nontraumatic diseases in the pediatric head and neck. ©RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.