Effect of Mn²⁺ concentration on the growth of δ-MnO₂ crystals under acidic conditions

δ-MnO₂ is an important component of environmental minerals and is among the strongest sorbents and oxidants. The crystalline morphology of δ-MnO₂ is one of the key factors affecting its reactivity. In this work, δ-MnO₂ was initially synthesized and placed in an acidic environment to react with Mn²⁺ and undergo a crystalline transformation. During the transformation of crystalline δ-MnO₂, kinetic sampling was conducted, followed by analyses of the structures and morphologies of the samples. The results showed that at pH 2.5 and 4, δ-MnO₂ nanoflakes spontaneously self-assembled into nanoribbons via edge-to-edge assembly in the initial stage. Subsequently, these nanoribbons attached to each other to form primary nanorods through a face-to-face assembly along the c-axis. These primary nanorods then assembled along the (001) planes and lateral surfaces, achieving further growth and thickening. Since a lower pH is more favorable for the formation of vacancies in δ-MnO₂, δ-MnO₂ can rapidly adsorb Mn²⁺ directly onto the vacancies to form tunnel walls. At the same time, the rapid formation of the tunnel walls leads to a quick establishment of hydrogen bonding between adjacent nanoribbons, enabling the assembly of these nanoribbons into primary nanorods. Therefore, in a solution with the same concentration of Mn²⁺, the structure transformation and morphology evolution of δ-MnO₂ to α-MnO₂ occur faster at pH 2.5 than at pH 4. These findings provide insights into the mechanism for crystal growth from layer-based to tunnel-based nanorods and methods for efficient and controlled syntheses of nanomaterials.