Application and interpretation of immunophenotyping data in safety and risk assessment

Front Toxicol. 2024 Oct 4:6:1409365. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1409365. eCollection 2024.

Abstract

The use of immunophenotyping during immunotoxicity investigations was first popularized in the 1980 s and has since become more integrated into diagnostic and non-clinical assessments. The data provided from immunophenotyping can serve as an initial source of information to guide decisions for additional, more advanced, immunotoxicity testing as well as for human health safety and risk assessment of drugs and chemicals. However, comprehensive guidance describing applications of immunophenotyping data in immunotoxicity investigations is lacking, particularly among regulatory bodies. Therefore, a critical examination is needed for the appropriate interpretations and potential misinterpretations of such data during the assessment of drug safety and chemical risk. As such, the current uses and implications of immunophenotyping data in human health safety and risk assessments has been evaluated to provide additional context for the application of current methodologies and guidelines. In addition, case studies are presented to highlight the challenges of interpreting immunophenotyping results along with incorporating the findings into immunotoxicity investigations. Based on the analyses of current approaches and methodologies, a decision flow is presented for use of immunophenotyping data during risk informed decision making.

Keywords: human health effects; immunophenotyping; immunotoxicity; risk assessment; safety.

Publication types

  • Review

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported in part, specifically the Benzo(a)pyrene-Phenanthrene and human whole blood in vitro case studies, by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, contract HHSN273201400017C (Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, NC). All authors received funding or partial funding from Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP for support of manuscript development. DA is an employee of Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, a manufacturer of chemicals, Asphalt, Sulfonated, Sodium Salt and Sulfolane, reflected in the case studies. Although Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP was able to provide comments on a pre-publication draft, the final submitted work reflects the opinions of the authors.