Dyschloremia and Renal Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis: A Prospective Cohort Study: Dyschloremia and Renal Outcomes in Sepsis

Introduction: Chloride is the most abundant extracellular anion; however, abnormalities of serum chloride (dyschloremia) are often overlooked. This study aimed to study the association of dyschloremia with AKI and major adverse kidney events at Day 30 (MAKE30) in critically ill patients with sepsis. Materials and Methods: This prospective single-center cohort study included adult patients with sepsis admitted in a tertiary care hospital in India. Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, requiring dialysis at admission, or with hospital stay of less than 72 h were excluded. Hyperchloremia and hypochloremia were defined as chloride levels of > 110 mEq/L and < 95 mEq/L, respectively. The primary outcome measure was MAKE30-a composite of death, need for dialysis, or sustained loss of kidney function at Day 30. Results: In a cohort of 400 patients with a mean age of 60 (±15) years, AKI was seen in 301 (75.2%) and MAKE30 in 171 (42.8%). Hyperchloremia and hypochloremia were seen in 19.3% (n = 77) and 32.3% (n = 129), respectively, in the first 72 h of ICU stay. Hypochloremia, but not hyperchloremia, was independently associated with both MAKE30 (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.13-5.79; p=0.024) and new-onset or worsening AKI (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.17-5.41; p=0.019). There was no association between hyperchloremia and either MAKE30 (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.43-2.69; p=0.882) or new-onset/worsening AKI (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.38-2.09; p=0.781). Conclusion: Hypochloremia, but not hyperchloremia, was associated with MAKE30 in this cohort of critically ill patients with sepsis. Trial Registration: Clinical Trial Registry identifier: CTRI//2022/02/040519.