How the cognitive load of simulated driving affects the brain dynamics underlying auditory attention

Objective: Distracted driving is a primary contributor to for motor vehicle crashes, the leading cause for injuries and fatalities for youth. Although attention and working memory clearly underlie driving abilities, few studies explore these functions on the brain-level under the cognitive load of driving. To understand the load driving has on auditory attention processing, we examined the differences in dynamic brain response to auditory stimuli during LOAD (while driving in a high-fidelity driving simulator) and No-LOAD conditions (seated in simulator, parked on the side of the road).

Methods: Twenty-seven young adult drivers (18-27 y/o; 15 = women) completed a Selective Auditory Attention Task during both a LOAD (driving) and No-LOAD condition in a ½ cab miniSim^® high-fidelity driving simulator. During the task, participants responded by pressing the volume control button on the steering wheel when a target tone was presented to a target ear. Electroencephalography-recorded event-related brain responses to the target tones were evaluated through alpha and theta oscillations for two response windows (early: 150-330ms; late: 350-540ms).

Results: During an early time window, we observed a significant interaction between attended/unattended and LOAD/No-LOAD theta power in the right frontal cortical region (F(1, 24)= 5.4, p=.03, partial η²=.18). During the later window, we observed a significant interaction between attended/unattended and LOAD/No-LOAD alpha response in the posterior cortical region (F(1, 24)=11.81, p=.002, partial η²=.15) and in the right temporal cortical region during the window (F(1, 24)=4.3, p=.05, partial η²=.33).

Conclusions: Our data provide insight into the demand that driving has on cognitive faculties and how dual task engagement may draw resources away from driving. We suggest future research directly incorporate vehicle control abilities into study design to understand how brain-based measures relate to driving behaviors.