A Life-Size Three-Dimensional Phantom for Periodontal Imaging Development and Treatment-Planning

Rationale and objectives: This study aims to (1) describe a periodontal and implant ultrasound imaging phantom designed for training of common periodontal and peri-implant soft- and hard-tissue deficiencies, and (2) detail the specific anatomical phantom features and showcase imaging data obtained from intraoral scans, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as well as ultrasound.

Materials and methods: A prototype, full-sized, three-dimensional (3D), periodontal ultrasound phantom was created. To mimic periodontal and peri-implant soft-tissue, a phantom material similar to soft-tissue was attached. Several features were added to imitate clinical scenarios and enable use as a teaching tool. To understand hard-tissue anatomy, the phantom was imaged using a commercially available CBCT scanner. In addition, an optical scan was taken to generate a 3D surface model. Images obtained were analyzed using a public domain software (3D Slicer). Ultrasound brightness mode images (B-mode) were taken of the regions of interest.

Results: CBCT and intraoral reference scans are overlaid with the ultrasound images obtained. Four different views are provided: facial, occlusal, lingual, and transverse. Our group was able to scan and delineate in ultrasound images vertical and horizontal bone loss, peri-implant bone loss, buccal dehiscence, apical fenestrations, and edentulous crest soft- and hard-tissue.

Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to present a prototype (full-sized, 3D, for periodontal ultrasound) phantom for intraoral periodontal and peri-implant ultrasound scanning training. Creating training scenarios that mimic clinical reality might allow trainees to obtain skills and build toward acceptable and individualized technical performance.