Mitochondrial dysfunction in pregnancy loss: a review

A receptive endometrium, a healthy embryo, and harmonious communication between the mother and the embryo/fetus are necessary for a healthy and successful pregnancy. Pregnancy loss (PL) can be the outcome if there is a flaw in any of these critical developmental processes. Multiple risk factors contribute to PL, including genetic predispositions, uterine abnormalities, immune imbalances, endocrine dysfunctions, and environmental exposures, among others. Despite extensive investigations, more than half of women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) lack identifiable risk factors, and causes of RPL remain elusive. To date, an accumulating body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction in reproductive organs or cells is a potential underlying factor that may trigger PL. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and PL, examining studies that focus on this connection in the context of diverse reproductive organs and cells, to unravel the interwoven links between these factors and gain a deeper understanding of their interconnectedness.