Biomaterials and therapeutic strategies designed for tooth extraction socket healing

Tooth extraction is the most commonly performed oral surgical procedure, with a wide range of clinical indications. The oral cavity is a complex microenvironment, influenced by oral movements, salivary flow, and bacterial biofilms. These factors can contribute to delayed socket healing and the onset of post-extraction complications, which can burden patients' esthetic and functional rehabilitation. Achieving effective extraction socket healing requires a multidisciplinary approach. Recent advancements in materials science and bioengineering have paved the way for developing novel strategies. This review outlines the fundamental healing processes and cellular-molecular interactions involved in the healing of extraction sockets. It then delves into the current landscape of biomaterials for socket healing, highlighting emerging strategies and potential targets that could transform the treatment paradigm. Building upon this foundation, this review also presents future directions and identifies challenges associated with the clinical application of biomaterials for extraction socket healing.