Exosomes derived stem cells as a modern therapeutic approach for skin rejuvenation and hair regrowth

Background: The skin covers the surface of the body and acts as the first defense barrier against environmental damage. Exposure of the skin to environmental physical and chemical factors such as mechanical injuries, UV rays, air pollution, chemicals, etc. Leads to numerous damages to skin cells such as fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, etc. The harmful effects of environmental factors on skin cells could lead to various skin diseases, chronic wounds, wrinkles, and skin aging. Hair is an essential part of the body, serving multiple functions such as regulating body temperature and protecting against external factors like dust (through eyelashes and eyebrows). It also reflects an individual's personality. Therefore, the need for new treatment methods for skin diseases and lesions and at the same time preserving the youth, freshness, and beauty of the skin has been highly noticed by experts. Exosomes are nanovesicles derived from cells that contain various biological compounds such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. They are secreted by a variety of mammalian cells and even different plants. Exosomes are of great interest as a new therapeutic approach due to their stability, ability to be transported throughout the body, paracrine and endocrine effects, as well as the ability to carry various compounds and drugs to target cells.

Aim: In this review, we have discussed the characteristics of exosomes, their cellular sources, and their therapeutic effects on wrinkles, skin aging, and rejuvenation and hair regrowth.