Understanding the complex network of objectively assessed cognition and self-reported psychological symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis

Background: Literature on the intricate relationship between self-reported and objectively assessed cognitive functioning suggests a discrepancy between self-reported cognitive complaints (SCC) and actual test performance.

Objectives: To investigate the interplay between patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and objective cognitive functioning using network analysis in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS).

Methods: We collected PROMs on anxiety, depression, fatigue and SCC, and cognitive functioning across six domains (n = 703 PwMS; 71% female, mean age = 46.3 ± 11.2 years). We constructed cognitive symptom networks using Gaussian Graphical Models, in which the aforementioned variables were presented as nodes linked by regularized partial correlations. We compared global network strength between relevant subgroups.

Results: The networks primarily showed clustering of PROMs and cognitive domains into two separate modules, with weaker links connecting both modules. Global network strength was lower for PwMS with impaired information processing speed (IPS; indicating lower symptom interrelatedness) compared to those with preserved IPS (3.57 versus 4.51, p = 0.001), but not when comparing SCC subgroups (p = 0.140).

Conclusions: Cognitive symptom networks deepen our understanding of the discrepancy between self-reported and objectively assessed cognitive functioning. Lower symptom interrelatedness in PwMS with impaired IPS might suggest a nonlinear relation between PROMs and cognitive domains, which depends on the cognitive status.