From tradition to smart: A comprehensive review of the evolution and prospects of land use planning tools

Land use planning tools are essential for effective land management. However, existing research has not thoroughly explored the evolution and future potential of these tools. This study addresses this gap through comprehensive literature review and data collection, mapping the progression of land use planning tools from their inception to their future trajectories. Our findings indicate that land use planning tools have evolved through four distinct epochs: 1.0 to 4.0. These epochs are defined as follows: Foundational Surveying Tools (1900s-1950s), Computerized Tools (1960s-1980s), Internet Technology Tools (1990s-2000s), and Smart Tools (2010s to Present). Presently, these tools face several limitations, including complex and redundant planning systems, poor adaptability, insufficient public engagement, and a lack of emphasis on sustainable development. Looking ahead, the emergence of the 5.0 era around the 2040s is anticipated, marked by advancements such as blockchain, VR/AR, quantum computing, and digital twins. This study provides valuable insights for scholars in the field and informs future development of land use planning tools.