This state-of-the-art review describes the potential etiologies, pathophysiology, and management of mixed shock in the context of a proposed novel classification system. Cardiogenic-vasodilatory shock occurs when cardiogenic shock is complicated by inappropriate vasodilation, impairing compensatory mechanisms, and contributing to worsening shock. Vasodilatory-cardiogenic shock occurs when vasodilatory shock is complicated by myocardial dysfunction, resulting in low cardiac output. Primary mixed shock occurs when a systemic insult triggers both myocardial dysfunction and vasoplegia. Regardless of the etiology of mixed shock, the hemodynamic profile can be similar, and outcomes tend to be poor. Identification and treatment of both the initial and complicating disease processes is essential along with invasive hemodynamic monitoring given the evolving nature of mixed shock states. Hemodynamic support typically involves a combination of inotropes and vasopressors, with few data available to guide the use of mechanical circulatory support. Consensus definitions and novel treatment strategies are needed for this dangerous condition.
Keywords: cardiac arrest; cardiac intensive care unit; cardiogenic shock; myocardial infarction; sepsis; shock.
© 2024 The Authors.