Side Effects of Novel Anticancer Drugs on the Posterior Segment of the Eye: A Review of the Literature

Currently, common treatment approaches for neoplastic diseases include surgery, radiation, and/or anticancer drugs (chemotherapy, hormone medications, and targeted therapies). In particular, anticancer medicines destroy cancerous cells by blocking certain pathways that aid in the disease's initiation and progression. These pharmaceutical drugs' capacity to inhibit malignant cells has made them indispensable in the treatment of neoplastic disorders. Nonetheless, considering their cyto- and neurotoxicity, as well as their inflammatory responses, these medications may also have unfavorable systemic and ocular side effects. In fact, it is well known that ocular posterior segment side effects, including retinal and vascular complications, have a negative influence on the patient's eyesight and quality of life. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to the development of these side effects remain incompletely recognized, especially in the case of newly available anticancer drugs. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the possible side effects of new anticancer drugs on the posterior segment of the eye, trying to better understand the involved pharmacological mechanisms and offer helpful guidance on their appropriate management.