Radiation development and hemostatic performance of innovative hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose-based sponge dressings for controlling severe hemorrhagic wounds

Globally, traumatic injuries and severe hemorrhagic wounds resulting from natural disasters, wars, traffic accidents, and operation rooms, especially during birth, are among the most difficult humanitarian and economic problems. Thus, the priority in emergency medical treatment is reducing unexpected blood loss, which can significantly influence a patient's rescue and recovery speed. For the immediate cessation of bleeding in severe hemorrhagic wounds and to speed up their healing, environmentally friendly γ-ionizing irradiation technology was used to develop innovative natural-based hydrogels impregnated with traditional medicinal plant extracts (MPE) with proven hemostatic and bactericidal potential as potential dressings for hemostasis, infection control, and wound healing. A series of superabsorbent hemostatic dressings composed of (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/agar-agar/carbopol) (HPMC/AA/Cp) assisted with Salvadora persica (Miswak) (Mis), Achillea millefolium L. (Yarrow) (Yaro), (shepherd's purse) (Sheph), and Equisetum arvense L. (horsetail) (HoTa) extracts were prepared. The freeze-drying technique was used to obtain spongious (HPMC/AA/Cp)-Mis, (HPMC/AA/Cp)-Yaro, (HPMC/AA/Cp)-Sheph, and (HPMC/AA/Cp)-Hota, respectively. The developed dressings' swelling characteristics and the In-vitro cytocompatibility, hemostatic efficacy, and bactericidal potential were evaluated. The In-vivo hemostatic potential was assessed using a hemorrhaging liver rat model. Transferrin and calcium levels were measured to document their impact on the hemostasis process.