Measuring the impact of COVID-19 exposure on reporting of intimate partner violence in India using an intent-to-treat framework

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only posed alarming health challenges but also exacerbated the scenarios of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women globally. While global studies indicate a conspicuous increase in IPV during COVID-19 lockdowns; Indian studies exhibit mixed evidence. This ambiguity in world's most populous country underscores a greater need to examine the nexus between exposure to COVID-19 and IPV using a large nationally representative sample of India. This study employs an 'intent-to-treat (ITT) framework' approach to assess the effect of COVID-19 exposure on IPV for women with "exposure (or cases)" compared to those with "no exposure (or controls)". Using data from National Family Health Survey-5, the study employs a methodology comprising three stages: first, descriptive and bivariate statistics that characterize the sample population. Second, a multivariable logistic regression model was employed to examine the influence of COVID-19 on IPV reporting. Finally, the study validated its main findings using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) tool with an ITT framework. The result from multiple statistical approaches indicates a reduction in IPV during COVID-19 - primarily suggesting significant under-reporting of domestic violence cases in the data collected during its exposure period. This underreporting remains consistent across diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. The study advances that reduction in the incidents of IPV among women surveyed after exposure to COVID-19 compared to their counterparts can be attributable to underreporting or greater socio-emotional cohesion among partners during menaces like COVID-19. While the under-reporting of cases can also be attributed to the lack of accessibility to peer groups and social and community networks, who often help women to identify and report IPV. Further, it can also possible due to the reduction in alcohol consumption and greater dependency of female on male partners due to jobloss during COVID-19 lockdown. This study, thereby, underscores the need for innovative survey tools to capture Violence Against Women (VAW) in general and IPV in particular during an extraordinary situation like COVID-19.