A scoping review of applied tick control research in North America: funding, implementation, and advancement

Geographic ranges of ticks and tick-borne pathogens within North America are shifting due to environmental changes and human-driven activities, with species of public health concern presenting a multifaceted risk to human health. Innovative strategies and continued collaboration to control tick populations are needed to combat this growing threat. We conducted a scoping review of the literature to describe the nature of applied tick control research conducted in North America (Canada, Mexico, and the United States) to date, with the goal of describing key concepts and identifying gaps in this research area. A total of 244 articles met our inclusion criteria and were reviewed for patterns in applied tick control authorship and funding, study location, target species, and control methodology. Most studies (83.6%) were conducted exclusively in the United States and 75% focused on ticks of public health concern, principally Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, Acari: Ixodidae), Dermacentor variabilis (Say, Acari: Ixodidae), Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, Acari: Ixodidae). The majority of funding was provided through US federal agencies, predominantly the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the United States Department of Agriculture. Ixodes scapularis was the target of over 50% of identified articles, with the majority of research conducted within 3 states in the Northeast region of the U.S. Only 8.2% of included studies evaluated integrated tick management interventions. We note gaps in tick control research regarding (i) non-Ixodes medically relevant tick species, (ii) endemic range coverage, and (iii) control methodologies evaluated.