Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans

Sci Adv. 2025 Jan 3;11(1):eadn5758. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5758. Epub 2025 Jan 1.

Abstract

Sensory compensation occurs when loss of one sense leads to enhanced perception by another sense. We have identified a previously undescribed mechanism of sensory compensation in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) mutants show enhanced attraction to human skin temperature and increased heat-evoked neuronal activity in foreleg sensory neurons. Ir140, a foreleg-enriched member of the ionotropic receptor (IR) superfamily of sensory receptors, is up-regulated in Orco mutant legs. Ir140, Orco double mutants do not show the enhanced heat seeking seen in Orco single mutants, suggesting that up-regulation of Ir140 in the foreleg is a key mechanism underlying sensory compensation in Orco mutants. Because Orco expression is sparse in legs, this sensory compensation requires an indirect, long-range mechanism. Our findings highlight how female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, despite suffering olfactory sensory loss, maintain the overall effectiveness of their host-seeking behavior by up-regulating attraction to human skin temperature, further enhancing their status as the most dangerous predator of humans.

MeSH terms

  • Aedes* / genetics
  • Aedes* / physiology
  • Animals
  • Female
  • Host-Seeking Behavior
  • Humans
  • Insect Proteins / genetics
  • Insect Proteins / metabolism
  • Mutation
  • Receptors, Odorant* / genetics
  • Receptors, Odorant* / metabolism

Substances

  • Receptors, Odorant
  • Insect Proteins