Effects of salt substitute on urinary electrolytes and blood pressure in a real-world setting-cohort study in Hunan, China

Front Nutr. 2024 Dec 18:11:1504152. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1504152. eCollection 2024.

Abstract

Background and aims: Salt substitute is considered an effective strategy to reduce sodium and increase potassium intake and thereby lower blood pressure in China, but its benefits and risks are uncertain in real-world data. This study is designed to compare the difference in the 1-year efficacy of salt substitute and salt restriction on urinary electrolytes and blood pressure.

Methods and results: A total of 2,929 and 2,071 participants with the 24-h estimated urinary sodium excretion (eUNaE) above 2.36 g/d using salt substitute (SS) and salt restriction (SR) strategies, respectively, were followed for 1 year. Salt substitute users were further divided by potassium chloride (KCl) content (13% vs 25%) and duration (9-11 vs 12 months). The 24-h eUNaE and estimated urinary potassium excretion (eUKE) levels were calculated using the Kawasaki formula from spot urine sample. The SS group (n = 1,897) had lower eUNaE (3.82 ± 1.03 vs 4.05 ± 1.01 g/day, p < 0.01) than the SR group (n = 1,897) after 1 year. Both 13 and 25% KCl substitutes reduced eUNaE versus restriction (p < 0.05). The SS group had a higher eUKE than the SR group (2.09 ± 0.43 vs 1.71 ± 0.62 g/day, p < 0.01). The eUKE was higher with 25% versus 13% KCl substitutes, while the Na/K was lower with 25% versus 13% KCl substitutes (p < 0.05). No significant blood pressure differences occurred between the SS and SR groups (p > 0.05), whereas 25% KCl exposure was related to a lower level of SBP, regardless of whether it was compared with SR or 13% KCl.

Conclusion: Compared with salt restriction, salt substitute results in more sodium reduction and greater potassium increase. In spite of this, it does not result in better control of blood pressure, especially for the group receiving 13% KCl.

Keywords: China; cohort; real-world; salt restriction; salt substitute.

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81973324 to YL and 82003537 to XH), Hunan Young Talent grant (2020RC3063 to YL), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2020JJ5858 to YL, 2021JJ30893 to JD, 2021JJ30989 to ZHC), Wisdom Accumulation and Talent Cultivation Project of the Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University (YX202002 to YL) and Special Funding for the Construction of Innovative Provinces in Hunan (2020SK2055 to ZHC).