Cytokine release syndrome treated with tocilizumab following ipilimumab-nivolumab combination therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma

Introduction: Cytokine release syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Its occurrence in renal cell carcinoma treated with combination therapy is less recognized and poses significant management challenges.

Case presentation: A 50-year-old male with metastatic renal cell carcinoma developed severe cytokine release syndrome after receiving ipilimumab-nivolumab combination therapy. The patient presented with high fever, fatigue, and elevated inflammatory markers. Early recognition and prompt intervention with tocilizumab led to rapid clinical improvement.

Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of increased awareness, prompt recognition, and targeted management of cytokine release syndrome in renal cell carcinoma patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor combination therapy. The rapid response to tocilizumab suggests its potential efficacy in managing immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced cytokine release syndrome.